Everyｇｒｏｕｐhas a culture, however uncivilized it may seem to us. To the professional anthropologist, there is no intrinsic superiority of one culture over another, just as to the professional linguist, there is no intrinsic hierarchy among languages.

  People once thought of the languages of backward groups as undeveloped. While it if possible that language in general began as a series of grunts ａｎｄ　groans, it is a fact established by the study of “backward” languages that no spoken tongue answers that description today. Most languages of uncivilized groups are, by our most severe standards, extremely complex. They differ from Western languages not in their sound patterns ｏｒgrammatical structures, which usually are fully adequate fｏｒall language needs, but only in their vocabularies, which reflect the objects ａｎｄ　activities known to their speakers. Even in this aspect, two things are to be noted. First, all languages seem to possess the machinery fｏｒvocabulary expansion, either by putting together words already in existence ｏｒby borrowing them from other languages ａｎｄ　adapting them to their own system. Second, the objects ａｎｄ　activities requiring names ａｎｄ　distinctions in “backward” languages, while different from the West, are often surprisingly numerous ａｎｄ　complicated. A Western language distinguishes merely between two degrees of remoteness (“this” ａｎｄ　“that”). But some languages of the American Indians distinguish between what is close to the speaker, ｏｒto the person addressed, ｏｒremoved from both, ｏｒout of sight, ｏｒin the past, ｏｒin the future.

  1. Everyｇｒｏｕｐof human beings has ____.

  A. its own ｓｅｔof ideas, beliefs ａｎｄ　ways of life

  B. an extremely complex ａｎｄ　delicate language

  C. its own elegant music, literature, ａｎｄ　other arts

  D. the process of growing crops ｏｒraising animals

  2. To the professional linguists, ____.

  A. there is no intrinsic superiority of cultures

  B. there is no intrinsic hierarchy of languages

  C. all languages came from grunts ａｎｄ　groans

  D. all languages are most severe ａｎｄ　standard

  3. Most languages of uncivilized groups are ____.

  A. adequate

  B. numerous

  C. ingenious

  D. ingenuous

  4. “Backward” languages fall behind Western languages in ____.

  A. ways to transfer ideas

  B. forms to satisfy needs

  C. abilities to answer description

  D. systems to expａｎｄ　vocabulary

  5. All languages, whether civilized ｏｒnot, have their own ____.

  A. ways to transfer ideas

  B. forms to satisfy needs

  C. abilities to answer description D. systems to expａｎｄ　vocabulary

  6. Which of the following statements is implied in the passage?

  A. Anthropologists have nothing to do with linguists.

  B. Linguists have nothing to do with anthropologists.

  C. The study of languages casts light upon the study of cultures.

  D. The study of cultures casts no light upon the study of languages.

  7. It is implied that all cultures have to be viewed ____.

  A. profoundly

  B. intrinsically

  C. independently

  D. professionally

  8. According to this passage, to learn a foreign language would require one to ____.

  A. do more activities

  B. learn about a new culture

  C. meet more people

  D. need more names

  9. The author’s attitude shown in this passage toward “backward” languages is ____.

  A. restrained  B. subjective  C. objective  D. resolute

  10. This passage is on the whole ____.

  A. narrative  B. instructive  C. prescriptive  D. argumentative