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雅思閱讀練習及答案：

new weapon to fight cancer

1. British scientists are preparing to launch trialsof a radical new way to fight cancer, which killstumours by infecting them with viruses like thecommon cold.

2. If successful, virus therapy could eventuallyform a third pillar alongside radiotherapy andchemotherapy in the standard arsenal againstcancer, while avoiding some of the debilitating side-effects.

3. Leonard Seymour, a professor of gene therapy at Oxford University, who has beenworking on the virus therapy with colleagues in London and the US, will lead the trials later thisyear. Cancer Research UK said yesterday that it was excited by the potential of Prof Seymour’spioneering techniques.

4. One of the country’s leading geneticists, Prof Seymour has been working with virusesthat kill cancer cells directly, while avoiding harm to healthy tissue. "In principle, you’ve gotsomething which could be many times more effective than regular chemotherapy," he said.

5. Cancer-killing viruses exploit the fact that cancer cells suppress the body’s localimmune system. "If a cancer doesn’t do that, the immune system wipes it out. If you can geta virus into a tumour, viruses find them a very good place to be because there’s no immunesystem to stop them replicating. You can regard it as the cancer’s Achilles’ heel."

6. Only a small amount of the virus needs to get to the cancer. "They replicate, you get amillion copies in each cell and the cell bursts and they infect the tumour cells adjacent andrepeat the process," said Prof Seymour.

7. Preliminary research on mice shows that the viruses work well on tumours resistant tostandard cancer drugs. "It’s an interesting possibility that they may have an advantage inkilling drug-resistant tumours, which could be quite different to anything we’ve had before."

8. Researchers have known for some time that viruses can kill tumour cells and someaspects of the work have already been published in scientific journals. American scientists havepreviously injected viruses directly into tumours but this technique will not work if the canceris inaccessible or has spread throughout the body.

9. Prof Seymour’s innovative solution is to mask the virus from the body’s immunesystem, effectively allowing the viruses to do what chemotherapy drugs do - spread throughthe blood and reach tumours wherever they are. The big hurdle has always been to find a wayto deliver viruses to tumours via the bloodstream without the body’s immune systemdestroying them on the way.

10. "What we’ve done is make chemical modifications to the virus to put a polymer coataround it - it’s a stealth virus when you inject it," he said.

11. After the stealth virus infects the tumour, it replicates, but the copies do not have thechemical modifications. If they escape from the tumour, the copies will be quickly recognisedand mopped up by the body’s immune system.

12. The therapy would be especially useful for secondary cancers, called metastases, whichsometimes spread around the body after the first tumour appears. "There’s an awful statisticof patients in the west ... with malignant cancers; 75% of them go on to die from metastases,"said Prof Seymour.

13. Two viruses are likely to be examined in the first clinical trials: adenovirus, whichnormally causes a cold-like illness, and vaccinia, which causes cowpox and is also used in thevaccine against smallpox. For safety reasons, both will be disabled to make them lesspathogenic in the trial, but Prof Seymour said he eventually hopes to use natural viruses.

14. The first trials will use uncoated adenovirus and vaccinia and will be delivered locally toliver tumours, in order to establish whether the treatment is safe in humans and what dose ofvirus will be needed. Several more years of trials will be needed, eventually also on thepolymer-coated viruses, before the therapy can be considered for use in the NHS. Though theapproach will be examined at first for cancers that do not respond to conventionaltreatments, Prof Seymour hopes that one day it might be applied to all cancers.

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